To a nonmathematician, having the letter “i” represent a number that does not quite exist and is “imaginary” can be hard to ...

A century ago, the strange behavior of atoms and elementary particles led physicists to formulate a new theory of nature. That theory, quantum mechanics, found immediate success, proving its worth ...

Imaginary numbers might seem like unicorns and goblins — interesting but irrelevant to reality. But for describing matter at its roots, imaginary numbers turn out to be essential. They seem to be ...

William Ross does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their ...

Complex-valued neural networks represent an evolving frontier where the intrinsic properties of complex numbers—magnitude and phase—are harnessed to develop richer and more robust representations of ...