After aversive training, dogs had a lower behavioral state (higher stress and anxiety), a new study has found. If aversive methods were used in high proportions, that persisted even in other contexts.

The importance of using reward-based methods to train dogs is widely known, yet some people still use aversive methods. By definition, both reward-based and aversive methods work to change behavior, ...

The authors add: "This is the first large scale study of companion dogs in a real training setting, using the types of training methods typically applied in dog training schools and data collected by ...