The cost of equity formula is a financial metric that represents the return investors expect for holding a company's stock. This formula can help you evaluate whether a company's stock is generating ...

Every thriving business relies on a robust return on investment (ROI) to help gauge whether its investments are yielding a profit. Although you as an individual investor possess shallower pockets than ...

Required rate of return (RRR) gives investors a benchmark to determine the minimum acceptable return on an investment considering the risk involved. By calculating RRR, investors can assess whether an ...

Learn to calculate the Sharpe Ratio in Excel for insightful investment analysis. Our guide will help you assess risk versus ...

The rate of return on an annuity is a crucial aspect to consider when evaluating the suitability of this retirement ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Charlene Rhinehart is a CPA , CFE, chair of ...

Real rate of return adjusts for inflation, providing a true growth measure. S&P 500's real rate is 7.9%, versus a nominal 11.8%, due to inflation. Using real rates in retirement planning ensures ...