Bootstrap percolation, a model of irreversible activation on graphs, has emerged as a pivotal area within graph theory and statistical mechanics. In this process, nodes (or vertices) on a network are ...

Percolation theory examines the emergence of connected clusters in systems composed of randomly occupied sites or bonds, making it an invaluable framework for understanding phase transitions in ...

(a, d, g) The percolation transition processes during the morning peak, off-peak, and evening peak periods for the URT system. (b, c) The network phase transitions occurring during the morning peak ...